SKYAID
 New 
Mission
 Overview   
Details    
Medical   
Watch   
Heart attack  
Stroke    
World health  
Emergency
 Cost effective
 Media 
- Site Map 

SKYCAR   
Details   
Overview  
VTOL   
Airline   
Military   
Transportation
 Images 
- Site Map

Search

Translate 
   8 languages
 

Effect of reducing ambulance response times on deaths from out of hospital cardiac arrest: cohort study

BMJ 2001;322:1385-1388 ( 9 June )

Entire article, with discussion is at http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/322/7299/1385

Jill P Pell , honorary clinical senior lecturer, a Jane M Sirel , research assistant, a Andrew K Marsden , medical director, b Ian Ford , professor of statistics, c Stuart M Cobbe , Walton professor of medical cardiology. a

a Department of Medical Cardiology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, b Scottish Ambulance Service Headquarters, Edinburgh, c Robertson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow

Correspondence to: S M Cobbe stuart.cobbe@clinmed.gla.ac.uk

Objectives: To determine the association between ambulance response time and survival from out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrest and to estimate the effect of reducing response times.
Design: Cohort study.
Setting: Scottish Ambulance Service.
Subjects: All out of hospital cardiopulmonary arrests due to cardiac disease attended by the Scottish Ambulance Service during May 1991 to March 1998.
Main outcome measures: Survival rate to hospital discharge and potential improvement from reducing response times.
Results: Of 13 822 arrests not witnessed by ambulance crews but attended by them within 15 minutes, complete data were available for 10 554 (76%). Of these patients, 653 (6%) survived to hospital discharge. After other significant covariates were adjusted for, shorter response time was significantly associated with increased probability of receiving defibrillation and survival to discharge among those defibrillated. Reducing the 90th centile for response time to 8 minutes increased the predicted survival to 8%, and reducing it to 5 minutes increased survival to 10-11% (depending on the model used).
Conclusions: Reducing ambulance response times to 5 minutes could almost double the survival rate for cardiac arrests not witnessed by ambulance crews.

What is already known on this topic
Three quarters of all deaths from myocardial infarction occur after cardiac arrest in the community

Survival after out of hospital arrest is much lower in the United Kingdom than the United States

What this study adds
Ambulance response times are independently associated with defibrillation and survival

Decreasing the target for response to 90% of calls from 14 minutes to 8 minutes would increase survival from 6% to 8%

A response time of 5 minutes would increase survival to 10-11%